Simulating the Error-Performance of Digital Communication System, Designing Offset Technique for 8-PSK & MULTILAYER QOS MODEL & Determine Optimum Code Rate for RS codes
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
Master of Technology
In
Digital & Wireless Communication
Supervisor: Submitted by:
Prof. Chandra Shekhar Rai Simer Deep
Senior Professor Roll No.: 00816414811
University School of Information & Communication Technology
G.G.S. Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Delhi – 78
(2011-2013)
University School of Information & Communication Technology
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Dwarka, Delhi – 110078, India
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Simulating the Error-Performance of Digital Communication System, Designing Offset Technique for 8-PSK & MULTILAYER QOS MODEL & Determine Optimum Code Rate for RS codes.” submitted by Mr. Simer Deep, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology in Digital & Wireless Communication, at University School of Information & Communication Technology, Delhi is an authentic work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the matter presented him in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
Date: Prof. Chandra Shekhar Rai
Place: USICT, Delhi Professor of Electronics & Comm. Engineering U.S.I.C.T., G.G.S. Indraprastha University
ABSTRACT
For most of the Digital Communication Systems, it is of vital importance that the transmitted bits are detected as reliably as possible at the receiver end, given a specific SNR. A natural and commonly used criterion of goodness among communication engineers is the bit error rate (BER).
This thesis is divided into 3-parts. In the first-part of this thesis, we examine the error-performance of digital modulation techniques, namely M-PSK, M-PAM, M-QAM, M-FSK, M-CPFSK, MSK and channel codes, namely Hamming code, Golay code, Reed-Solomon code, Convolution code with both hard-decision & soft-decision decoding, Turbo code, all for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and Rayleigh Fading channel. These are examined through simulation with the hope of developing a better understanding of how the BER performance is affected by modulation order M. In addition, we use Rake Receiver, OFDM-based equalization, Multiple Antennas to further improve the error performance in Rayleigh fading channel.
In the second-part of this thesis, we develop a communication system with 4-level of quality of service (QOS) in terms of BER-performance. Additionally we develop an offset modulation technique for 8-PSK. This lowers the dynamical range of fluctuations in the signal which is desirable when engineering communication signals.
For Reed-Solomon(R-S) codes, the optimum code rate that minimize the required Eb/No is about 0.6 to 0.7 for a Gaussian channel, 0.5 for a Rician-fading Channel(for K=7dB), and 0.3 for a Rayleigh-fading channel[1]. In third-part of this thesis, in AWGN Channel using R-S (n, k) codes, value of (n, k) and corresponding optimum code rate is determined for which the code gain is higher than all other combination. These are examined through simulation study.
Keywords: Wireless Communication, Error-performance, Digital Modulations, Offset Modulation, Reed-Solomon (R-S) codes, OFDM, MIMO, Convolution Code, Turbo Code.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have been very fortunate in having Prof. Chandra Shekhar Rai, Senior Professor, USICT as my thesis supervisor. He inspired me to develop interest in Digital & Wireless Communication, taught me essence and principle of research and guided me through the completion of this thesis work. Working with Prof. Chandra Shekhar Rai is highly enjoyable, inspiring and rewarding experience. I am highly indebted to him and express my deep sense of gratitude for their guidance and support.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to our Dean of USICT, Prof. Navin Rajpal and Coordinators Prof. U.S. Tandon and Mr. Ashish Payal for giving me the opportunity to work in this thesis and for providing me various facilities like library, computers and Internet, which have been very useful.
I express special thanks to all my friends, for being there whenever I needed them. Thank you very much Zulfikar, Sandeep, Nakul, Praveen, Jawed, Madhavi, Shikha, Priyanka, Manish.
Finally, I am forever indebted to my mother and my sister for their understanding and encouragement when it was most required.
I dedicate this thesis to my mother and sister.
Simerdeep Singh Chadha
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No.
CERTIFICATE ii
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xii
NOTATIONS xiv
- INTRODUCTION
- Overview 02
- Literature Survey 03
- Objective of Thesis 05
- Outline of Thesis 05
- ERROR PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
- Analytical Expressions of Probability of Error for Various
Modulation Schemes in Uncoded AWGN Channel 08
- Analytical Expressions of Probability of Error for Various
Modulation Schemes in Multipath Fading Channel 16
- Analytical Expressions of Probability of Bit for Various
Modulation Schemes with Coded AWGN Channel 19
- DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BER PERFORMANCE
- Introduction 25
- Simulation Models 27
- Comparison of BER Performances for Various
Modulation Types in AWGN Channel 28
- Comparison of BER Performances for Various
Channel Codes 32
- Comparison of BER Performances for Various
Modulation Types in Rayleigh Fading Channel 33
- Improve the BER performance of Rayleigh
Fading Channel 34
- Reed-Solomon Coding 34
- Convolution Coding 35
- Frequency Diversity using OFDM- Based Equalization 36
- Space Diversity using MIMO-Based Equalization 37
- MIMO with TCM 38
- OFDM + MIMO-Based Equalization 39
- Simulation Results 40
- Conclusion 46
- DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTILAYER QOS
MODEL FOR M-ARY SYSTEM
- Introduction 49
- Simulation Code 55
- Simulation Results 60
- Conclusion 61
- DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF OFFSET TECHNIQUE
FOR 8-PSK
- Introduction 63
- Simulation Codes 64
- Offset 8-PSK 64
- Variant of Offset 8-PSK 65
- Comparison of BER Performance of Offset 8-PSK and
Non-offset 8-PSK 66
- Simulation Results 69
- Conclusion 71
- REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF OPTIMUM CODE RATE OF
REED-SOLOMON CODES IN AWGN CHANNEL
- Introduction 73
- Simulation Model 74
- Simulation Results 75
- Conclusion 82
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- Summary and Conclusions 84
- Scope for Future Work 85
REFERENCES 86
LIST OF TABLES
Sl. No Name of the Table Page No
Table3.1 Code Gain of channel codes at BER of 10-6 wrt uncoded
32-QAM 47
Table 6.1 RS (N, K) codes 80
LIST OF FIGURES
Sl. No. Name of the Figure Page No
Fig. 1.1 Modulation Techniques 02
Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram of Transceiver used for Simulation over
AWGN Channel 28
Fig. 3.2 Simulation Model of BPSK Transceiver over AWGN
Channel 28
Fig. 3.3 Simulation Model of QPSK Transceiver over AWGN Channel 29
Fig. 3.4 Simulation Model of OQPSK Transceiver over AWGN Channel 29
Fig. 3.5 Simulation Model of M-PSK Transceiver over AWGN Channel 29
Fig. 3.6 Simulation Model of DBPSK Transceiver over AWGN Channel 29
Fig. 3.7 Simulation Model of MSK Transceiver over AWGN Channel 30
Fig. 3.8 Simulation Model of M-PAM Transceiver over AWGN Channel 30
Fig. 3.9 Simulation Model of M-QAM Transceiver over AWGN Channel 30
Fig. 3.10 Simulation Model of M-FSK Transceiver over AWGN Channel 30
Fig. 3.11 Simulation Model of CPFSK Transceiver over AWGN Channel 31
Fig. 3.12 Simulation Model of Transceiver with Coded AWGN Channel 32
Fig. 3.13 Simulation Model of Transceiver with Rayleigh Channel 33
Fig. 3.14 Simulation Model of RS coding with 16-PAM and AWGN channel 34
Fig. 3.15 Simulation Model of Convolution coding and Viterbi decoding
with QPSK and Rayleigh channel 35
Fig. 3.16 Simulation Model of OFDM based equalization 36
Fig. 3.17 Simulation Model of MIMO 37
Fig. 3.18 Simulation Model of MIMO with TCM 38
Fig. 3.19 Simulation Model of OFDM with MIMO 39
Fig. 3.20 BER performance of BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK 40
Fig. 3.21 BER performance of DBPSK, DQPSK, 8-DPSK, 16-DPSK 40
Fig. 3.22 BER performance of M-ary PAM 41
Fig. 3.23 BER performance of M-ary QAM 41
Fig. 3.24 BER performance of BFSK, 4-FSK, 8-FSK, 16-FSK 42
Fig. 3.25 BER performance of 2-CPFSK, 4-CPFSK, 8-CPFSK, 16-CPFSK 42
Fig. 3.26 Theoretical BER performance of various Modulation Schemes
in AWGN channel using BERTool 43
Fig. 3.27 Simulated BER performance of various Modulation Schemes in
AWGN Channel using Simulink 43
Fig. 3.28 BER performance of various Modulation Schemes in AWGN
Channel using Matlab coding 44
Fig. 3.29 Comparison of Block Codes based on BER using BERTool 44
Fig. 3.30 Theoretical BER performance of various Modulation Schemes in
Multipath Rayleigh Channel using BERTool 45
Fig. 3.31 Simulated BER performance of various Modulation Schemes in
Multipath Rayleigh Channel using Simulink 45
Fig. 3.32 Comparison of Simulated BER performance of RS coding,
Convolution coding, OFDM, MIMO, MIMO with TCM, OFDM
with MIMO in Multipath Rayleigh Channel using Simulink 46
Fig. 4.1 BER performance of BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK 49
Fig. 4.2 Constellation Diagram of BPSK 49
Fig. 4.3 Constellation Diagram of 4-PSK 50
Fig. 4.4 Constellation Diagram of 8-PSK 50
Fig. 4.5 Constellation Diagram of 32-PSK 51
Fig. 4.6 Logical decision boundary of QoS level 4 52
Fig. 4.7 Logical decision boundary of QoS level 3 53
Fig. 4.8 Logical decision boundary of QoS level 2 54
Fig. 4.9 Simulated SER performance of 4-Level QOS system 60
Fig. 4.10 Simulated BER performance of 4-Level QOS system 60
Fig. 5.1 Constellation Diagram of Embodiment 1 of Offset 8-PSK 69
Fig. 5.2 Constellation Diagram of Embodiment 2 of Offset 8-PSK 70
Fig. 5.3 Comparison of BER performance of Offset 8-PSK and 8-PSK 70
Fig. 6.1 Simulated Model of Reed-Solomon Coding with M-QAM in
AWGN Channel 74
Fig. 6.2 Coding Gain for various RS(7, k) codes with 8-QAM and
AWGN channel 75
Fig. 6.3 Coding Gain for various RS(15, k) codes with 16-QAM and
AWGN channel 75
Fig. 6.4 Coding Gain for various RS(31, k) codes with 32-QAM and
AWGN channel 76
Fig. 6.5 Various RS(31, k) codes with 32-QAM and AWGN channel 76
Fig. 6.6 Coding Gain for various RS(63, k) codes with 64-QAM and
AWGN channel 77
Fig. 6.7 Various RS(63, k) codes with 64-QAM and AWGN channel 77
Fig. 6.8 Coding Gain for various RS(127, k) codes with 128-QAM and
AWGN channel 78
Fig. 6.9 Various RS(127, k) codes with 128-QAM and AWGN channel 78
Fig. 6.10 Coding Gain for various RS(255, k) codes with 256-QAM and
AWGN channel 79
Fig. 6.11 Various RS(255, k) codes with 256-QAM and AWGN channel 79
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
2G Second Generation wireless technology
3G Third Generation wireless technology
3GPP 3G Partnership Project for Wideband CDMA standards base on backward compatibility with GSM and IS-136/PDC
3GPP2 Phone 3G Partnership Project for cdma2000 standards base on backward compatibility with IS-95
AMPS Advanced Mobile System
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER Bit Error Rate
BCH Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem
BFSK Binary Frequency Shift Keying
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CPFSK Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Code
DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting
DS Direct Sequence
DS-SS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
erf Error Function
FEC Forward Error Correction
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication also Global System Mobile
IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunication 2000
IS-95 EIA Interim Standard for U.S. Code Division Multiple Access
LTE Long-Term Evolution
M-ary Multiple Level Modulation
MC Multicarrier
M-CPFSK M-ary Continuous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying
M-DPSK M-ary Differential Phase-Shift Keying
M-FSK M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying
M-PAM M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation
M-PSK M-ary Phase-Shift Keying
M-QAM M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
MSK Minimum Shift Keying
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OQPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
PSK Phase Shift Keying
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying/ Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
Rx Receiver
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SS Spread Spectrum
TCM Trellis Coded Modulation
Tx Transmitter
W-CDMA Wideband CDMA
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks
NOTATIONS
Quantity or Operation
|
Notation
|
Size of modulation constellation
|
M
|
Number of bits per symbol
|
k = log2 M
|
Energy per bit-to-noise power-spectral-density ratio
|
EbNo
|
Energy per symbol-to-noise power-spectral-density ratio
|
EsNo = kEbNo
|
Bit error rate (BER)
|
Pb
|
Symbol error rate (SER)
|
Ps
|
Real part
|
Re[∎]
|
Largest integer smaller than
|
⌊∎⌋
|
Statistical Expectation
|
E[∎]
|
Code length
|
N
|
Message length
|
K
|
Code rate
|
Rc = KN
|
Minimum distance of the code
|
dmin
|
Free distance of the code
|
dfree
|
number of paths of distance d from the all-zero path that merge with the all-zero path for the first time
|
ad
|
Energy-per-information bit-to-noise power-spectral-density ratio
|
γb= EbNo
|
Power of the fading amplitude r
|
Ω = E[r2]
|
Number of diversity branches
|
L
|
SNR per symbol per branch
|
γl=(ΩlEsNo)/L
= (ΩlkEbNo)/L
For identically-distributed diversity branches:
γ= (ΩkEbNo)/L
|
Moment generating functions for each diversity branch
| |
|
Mγl(s) = 11-s.γl
|
2. Rician fading
|
Mγl(s) = 1+K1+K -s.γle[Ks.γl(1+K)-s.γl]
|
Ratio of energy in the specular component to the1 energy in the diffuse component (for Rician Channel)
|
K
|
For identically-distributed diversity branches
|
Mγl(s) = Mγ(s) for all l
|
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